The History of Acculturation: A review article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25273/she.v5i1.19330Keywords:
Migration, acculturation, intergroup contact, adaptation, language knowledgeAbstract
Downloads
References
Abu-Rayya, H. M., & Sam, D. L. (2017). Is
Integration the Best Way to Acculturate?
A Reexamination of the BiculturalAdaptation Relationship in the “ICSEY
Dataset†Using the Bilineal Method.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.
(3), 287-293.
doi:10.1177/0022022116685846
Anwar, M. (1998). Between cultures:
continuity and change in the lives of young
Asians. London: Routledge.
Arends-T´oth, J., & van de Vijver, F. J. R.
(2003). Multicultural and Acculturation:
Views of Dutch and Turkish Dutch.
European Journal of Social Psychology,
(2), 249-266.
Arends-T´oth, J., & van de Vijver, F. J. R.
(2006a). Assessment and psychological
acculturation. In D. Sam, & J. W. Berry
(Eds.), Handbook of acculturation
psychology (pp. 142–160). England,
Cambridge University Press.
Arends-Tóth, J.V., & van de Vijver, F. J. R.
(2006b). Issues in conceptualization and
assessment of acculturation. In M. H.
Bornstein, & L. R. Cote (Eds.),
Acculturation and parent-child
relationships: Measurement and
development (pp. 33-62). Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum
Ataca, B., & Berry, J.W. (2002).
Sociocultural, psychological and marital
adaptation of Turkish immigrant couples
in Canada. International Journal of
Psychology, 37(1), 13–26. doi:
1080/00207590143000135
Bektas, Y., Demir, A., & Bowden, R. (2009).
Psychology adaptation of Turkish
students at US campuses. International
journal for the advancement of
Counseling, 31(2), 130143. doi:
1007/S10447-009-9073-5
Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as
varieties of adaptation. In A. Padilla (ed.),
Acculturation: theory, models and some
new findings (pp. 9–25). Boulder, CO:
Westview.
Berry, J. W. (1990). Psychology of
Acculturation. In J. J. Berman (Ed.), Crosscultural Perspectives: Nebraska
Symposium on Motivation (pp. 201–234).
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration,
acculturation, and adaptation. Applied
Psychology: An International Review,
(1), 5–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-
1997.tb01087.x
Berry, J. W. (2001). A Psychology of
Immigration. Journal of Social Issues 57
(3), 615–631. doi: 10.1111/0022-
00231
Berry, J. W. (2002). Acculturation: Living
successfully in two cultures.
International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, 29, 697-712.
Berry, J. W. (2003). Conceptual
approaches to understanding
acculturation. In K. M. Chun, P. B.
Organista, & G. Marı´n (Eds.),
Acculturation: Advances in theory,
measurement, and applied research (pp.
–38). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Berry, J. W. (2006a). Stress perspective on
acculturation. In D. Sam, & J. W. Berry
(Eds.), Handbook of acculturation
psychology (pp. 43–57). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J. W. (2006b). Context of
acculturation. In D. Sam, & J. W. Berry
(Eds.), Handbook of acculturation
psychology (pp. 27–42). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J. W., & Ataca, B. (2000). Cultural
factors in stress. In G. Fink (Ed),
Encyclopedia of stress (pp. 604-611). San
Diego: Academic Press.
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., &
Vedder, p. (2006). Immigrant youth:
Acculturation, identity and adaptation.
Applied psychology: An International
Review, 55, 303-332.
Berry, J. W., Poortings, Y. H., Segall, M. H., &
Dasen, P. R. (2002). Cross-Cultural
Psychology Research and Applications.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J. W., Sam, D., & Rogers, A. (2006).
Conclusions. In D. Sam, & J. W. Berry
(Eds.), Handbook of acculturation
psychology (pp. 525–537). London:
Cambridge University Press.
Bhugra, D. Watson, C., & Ventriglio, A.
(2020). Migration, cultural capital and
acculturation. International Review of
Psychiatry, 33(1-2), 126-131.
Birman, D., Simon, C. D., Chan, W. Y., &
Tran, N. (2014). A life domains
perspective on acculturation and
psychological adjustment: A study of
refugees from the former Soviet Union.
American Journal of Community
Psychology, 53(1-2), 60-72.
Block, D. (2014). Second language identity.
New York: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Bochner, S. (1982). The social psychology
of cross-cultural relations. In S. Bochner
(Ed.), Cultures in contact: studies in crosscultural interaction (pp. 5–44). Oxford:
Pergamon.
Bochner, S. (2006) Sojourners. In D. Sam,
& J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of
acculturation psychology (pp. 181–197).
London: Cambridge University Press.
Bourhis, R., Moise, L., Perreault, St., &
Senécal, S. (1997). Towards an
interactive acculturation model: A social
psychological approach. International
Journal of Psychology, 32, 369-386. doi:
1080/002075997400629
Castles, S., & Miller, M. (2009). The Age of
Migration (4th ed). Hampshire: Palgrave
MacMillan.
Castro, V. S. (2003). Acculturation and
psychological adaptation. London:
Greenwood Press.
Celenk, O., & Van de Vijver, F. (2011).
Assessment of Acculturation: Issues and
Overview of Measures. Online Readings in
Psychology and Culture, 8(1). Retrieved
from
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol
/iss1/10
Damen, L. (1987). Culture learning: The
fifth dimension in the language classroom.
New York: Addison-Wesley.
Dunbar, E. (1994). The German executive
in the U.S. work and social environment:
Exploring role demands. International
Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18,
– 291. doi: 10.1016/0147-
(94)90034-5
Elhami, A. (2020a). A Socio-pragmatic
perspective of Spanish and Persian
greeting. Theory and Practice in
Language Studies, 10(9), 1009.
https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1009.01
Elhami, A. (2020b). Communication
Accommodation Theory: A Brief
Review of the Literature. Journal of
Advances in Education and Philosophy
5, 192-200.
doi: 10.36348/jaep.2020.v04i05.002
Elhami, A. (2020c). Acculturation
Strategies: The Study of Bi-Dimensional
and Uni-Dimensional of Filipino
Immigrants in Madrid. International
Journal of Social Science Research 8.2, 1-
doi:10.5296/ijssr.v8i2.16428.
Elhami, A. & Roshan, A. (in press). Religion
and higher education migrant’s
acculturation orientation. Intercultural
Education
Elhami, A., & Roshan, A. (2023). A
Narrative Study of Iranian Females'
Acculturation Orientation and Spanish
Learning Experiences in Spain. In H.
Chandan (ed.), Strategies for Cultural
Assimilation of Immigrants and Their
Children: Social, Economic, and Political
Considerations (pp. 45-68). IGI Global
publication. doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-
-7.ch003
Ellis, R. (2008). The study of second
language acquisition (2nd ed). Oxford:
Oxford university press.
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1994).
Assessment of multidimensional coping:
Task, emotion, and avoidance strategies.
Psychological Assessment, 6, 50–60. doi:
1037/1040-3590.6.1.50
Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1982). Social
difficulty in a foreign culture: An
empirical analysis of culture shock. In S.
Bochner (ed.), Culture in Contact: Studies
in cross cultural interaction. (pp. 161-
. Oxford: Pergamon.
Groenewold, G., De Valk, H. A. G., & Van
Ginneken, J. (2013). Acculturation
preferences of the Turkish second
generation in 11 European cities. Urban
Studies, 51, 1-18.
Güngör, D. (2020). Positive adjustment in
internal migration: Acculturative risks
and resources. In D. Güngör & D.
Strohmeier (Eds), Contextualizing
immigrant and refugee resilience
Cultural and acculturation Perspectives
(pp. 123-142). New York: Springer.
Güngör, D. & Bornstein, M. H. (2009).
Gender, development, values, adaptation,
and discrimination in acculturating
adolescents: The case of Turk heritage
youth born and living in Belgium. Sex
Roles, 60, 537-548. doi:
1007/s11199-008-9531-2
Günthner, S. (2007). Intercultural
communication and the relevance of
cultural specific repertoires of
communicative genres. In H. Kotthoff, &
H. Spencer-Oatey (Eds.,) Handbook of
intercultural communication (pp. 127-
. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Güzel, H., & Glazer, S. (2019). Demographic
correlates of acculturation and
sociocultural adaptation: Comparing
international and domestic students.
Journal of International Students, 9(4),
–1094.
Hammar, T. Grete, B. Kristof, T., & Thomas,
F. (1997). International Migration,
Immobility and Development. Oxford:
Berg Press.
Han, L., Berry, J. W., & Zheng, Y. (2016).
The Relationship of Acculturation
Strategies to Resilience: The Moderating
Impact of Social Support among Qiang
Ethnicity following the 2008 Chinese
Earthquake. Cognitive Psychology,
(10).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164484.
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of
postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell
Hazuda, H. P., Stern, M. P. & Haffner, S. M.
(1988). Acculturation and assimilation
among Mexican Americans: scales and
population-based data. Social Science
Quarterly, 69(3), 687-706. doi:
1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115082
Heckmann, F., & Bosswick, W. (2006),
Integration of migrants: contribution of
local and regional authorities. Dublin:
European Foundation for the
Improvement of Living and Working
Conditions.
Herskovits, M. J. (1938). Acculturation:
The study of culture contact. New York:
Augustin.
Jordan, B., & Duvell, F. (2003). Migration:
The boundaries of Equality and Justice.
Cambridge: Polity.
Kang, S. M. (2006). Measurement of
acculturation, scale formats, and
language competence: Their implications
for adjustment. Journal of Cross-Cultural
Psychology, 37, 669–693. doi:
1177/0022022106292077
Kim, B. S. K., & Omizo. M. M. (2006).
Behavioral Acculturation and
Enculturation and Psychological
Functioning Among Asian American
College Students. Cultural Diversity and
Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(2), 245–
doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.245
Kosic, A. (2006). Personality and
individual factors in acculturation. In D.
Sam, & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of
acculturation psychology (pp. 113–126).
Cambridge: University Press.
Koydemir, S. (2013). Acculturation and
subjective well-being: The case of
Turkish ethnic youth in Germany. Journal
of Youth Studies, 16(4), 460-474. doi:
1080/13676261.2012.725838
Kunst, J. R., & Sam, D. L. (2013).
Relationship between Perceived
Acculturation Expectations and Muslim
Minority Youth’s Acculturation and
Adaptation. International Journal of
Intercultural Relations, 37 (4), 477–490.
doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.04.007.
Elhami, A., & Roshan, A. S
Kue, B. C. H. (2014). Coping, acculturation,
and psychological adaptation among
migrants: a theoretical and empirical
review and synthesis of the literature.
Health Psychology & Behavioral Medicine,
(1), 16-33. doi:
1080/21642850.2013.843459
Lakey, P. N. (2003). Acculturation: a
review of the literature. International
communication studies. 12(2), 103-118.
Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress,
appraisal, and coping. New York:
Springer Publishing.
Liebkind, K. (2010). Social psychology. In
B. Joshua, & A. Garcia (Eds.), Handbook of
language and ethnic identity: Disciplinary
and regional perspectives. (pp. 18-31).
New York: Oxford.
Linton, R. (1940). Acculturation in seven
American Indian tribes. New York:
Appleton-Century.
Masgoret, A. M., & Ward, C. (2006). The
cultural learning approach to
acculturation. In D. L. Sam, & J. W. Berry
(Eds), Cambridge handbook of
acculturation psychology (pp. 58-77).
Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge
University Press.
Matsumoto, D., Jeffrey A., LeRoux, C. R.,
Haruyo. T. H., Uchida, C. K., & Shoko. A.
(2001). Development and validation of a
measure of intercultural adjustment
potential in Japanese sojourners: the
intercultural adjustment potential scale
(ICAPS). International Journal of
Intercultural Relations 25, 483-510. doi:
1016/S0147-1767(01)00019-0
Moreno, F., & Francisco, F. (2009).
Integración sociolingüÃstica en contextos
de inmigración: marco epistemológico
para su estudio en España. Lengua y
Migración [Language & Migration]. 1(1),
–156
Navas, M. L., & Tejada, A. J. R. (2010).
Aplicación del Modelo Ampliado de
Aculuración Relativa (MAAR) a nuevos
colectivos de inmigrantes en AndalucÃa:
rumanos y ecuatorianos. Sevilla: Junta de
AndalucÃa.
Ndika, N. (2013). Acculturation: A pilot
study on Nigerians in America and their
coping strategies. SAGE open. 1-8. doi:
1177/2158244013515687.
Nguyen, A. M. D., & Benet-MartÃnez, V.
(2013). Biculturalism and djustment: A
meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural
Psychology, 44, 122-159. doi:
1177/0022022111435097
Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural shock:
Adjustment to new cultural
environments. Practical Anthropology, 7,
-182.
Organista, P. B., Organista, K. C., &
Kurasaki, K. (2002). The relationships
between acculturation and ethnic
minority mental health. In K. Chun, P. B.
Organista, & G. Marin (Eds.),
Acculturation: Advances in theory,
measurement, and applied research (pp.
–161). Washington, DC: The
American Psychological Association.
Paige, R., Cohen, B., Kappler, J., &
Lassegard. J. (2006). Maximizing Study
Abroad: A Student’s Guide to Strategies for
Language and Culture Learning and use
(2nd ed). Minneapolis, MN: University of
Minnesota Center for Advanced Research
on Language Acquisition.
Parker, J. D. A., & Endler, N. S. (1996).
Coping and defense: A historical
overview. In M. Zeidner, & N. S. Endler
(Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory,
research, applications (p. 3–23). London:
John Wiley & Sons.
Phinney, J. S., Berry, J. W., Vedder, P., &
Liebkind, K. (2006). The acculturation
experience: Attitudes, Identities, and
Behaviors of immigrant youth. In J. W.
Berry, J. S. Phinney, D. L. Sam, & P. Vedder
(Eds,). Immigrant youth in cultural
transition. Acculturation, identity, and
adaptation across national context (pp.
-116). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum
Assosiates, Inc., Publishers.
Phinney, J. S., & Ong. A. D. (2007).
Conceptualization and measurement of
ethnic identity: Current status and future
directions. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 54, 271–281.
doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.271
Piontkowski, U., Florack, A., Hoelker, P., &
Obdrzálek, P. (2000). Predicting
acculturation attitudes of dominant and
non-dominant groups. International
Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(1),
–26. doi: 10.1016/s0147-
(99)00020-6
Powell, J. W. (1880). Introduction to the
study of Indian languages. Washington,
DC: US Government Printing Office.
Raju, P. (2023). Acculturative Stress:
Psychological Health and Coping
Strategies. In H. Chandan (ed.), Strategies
for Cultural Assimilation of Immigrants
and Their Children: Social, Economic, and
Political Considerations (pp. 1-24). IGI
Global publication. doi: 10.4018/978-1-
-4839-7.ch001
Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Heskovits, M. J.
(1936). Memorandum for the study of
acculturation. American Anthropologist,
, 149-152.
Robinson, L. (2003, February). The
adaptation of Asian and African
Caribbean second generation youth in
Britain. Paper presented at the
International Conference on Diversity in
Organizations, Communities and Nations.
Retrieved from
https://cgscholar.com/cg_event/events
/D21/pd
Rothe, M. E., Tzuang, D., & Pumariega, J. A.
(2010). Acculturation, development, and
adaptation. Child Adolescent Psychiatric
Clinic, 19, 681-696.
doi:10.1016/j.chc.2010.07.002
Rudmin, F. W. (2006). Debate in science:
The case of acculturation. Retrieved from
http://www.anthroglobe.info/docs/rud
minf_acculturation_061204.pdf
Sam, D. (2006). Acculturation: conceptual
and methods. In D. Sam, & J. W. Berry
(Eds.), Handbook of acculturation
psychology (pp. 11–26). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W (2006). The
Cambridge handbook of Acculturation
Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2010).
Acculturation: When Individuals and
Groups of Different Cultural Background
Meet. Perspective on Psychological
Science. 5(4), 472-481.
Sam, D. L., & Oppedal, B. (2003).
Acculturation as a Developmental
Pathway. Online Readings in Psychology
and Culture, 8(1). doi:10.9707/2307-
1072
Sancho-Pascual, M. (2019). Integrating the
immigrant population into the city of
Madrid (Spain): preliminary data about
the sociolinguistic attitudes of the host
community, Journal of Multilingual and
Multicultural Development, doi:
1080/01434632.2019.1621880
Sang, D., & Ward, C. (2006). Acculturation
in Australia and New Zealand. In D. L.
Sam, & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Cambridge
handbook of acculturation psychology
(pp. 253–273). Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Sari, B. T., Chasiotis, A., van de Vijver, F. J.
R., & Bender, M. (2019). The importance
of language vocabulary and language
usage for sociocultural adjustment
among Indonesian adolescents from
three bilingual ethnic groups. Journal of
Multilingual and Multicultural
Development, 41(6), 531-546.
doi:10.1080/01434632.2019.1630417
Schumann, J. (1978). The acculturation
model for second language acquisition. In
R. Gingras (Ed,). Second language
acquisition and foreign language
teaching. Arlington (pp. 27-50).
Vancouver: Center for Applied
Linguistics.
Schumann, J. H. (1986). Research on the
acculturation model for second language
acquisition. Journal of Multilingual &
Multicultural Development, 7(5), 379-
doi:
1080/01434632.1986.9994254
Schwartz, M. (2010). Family language
policy: Core issues of an emerging field.
Applied Linguistics Review, 1(1), 171–
doi: 10.1515/9783110222654.171
Schwartz, S. J., Benet-MartÃnez, V., Knight,
G. P., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., Des
Rosiers, S. E., Stephens, D., Huang, S., &
Szapocznik, J. (2014). Effects of language
of assessment on the measurement of
acculturation: Measurement equivalence
and cultural frame switching.
Psychological Assessment, 26, 100-114.
Schwartz, S. J., Park, I. J. K., Huynh, Q. L.,
Zamboanga, B. L., Umaña-Taylor, A. J.,
Lee, R. M., & Agocha, V. B. (2012). The
American Identity Measure:
Development and validation across
ethnic subgroup and immigrant
generation. Identity: An International
Journal of Theory and Research, 12, 93–
doi:10.1080/15283488.2012.668730
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B.
L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010). Rethinking the
concept of acculturation: Implications for
theory and research. American
Psychologist, 65, 237–251.
Doi:10.1037/a0019330
Schwieter, J., Jackson, J., & Ferreira, A.
(2018). When ‘domestic’ and
‘international’ students study abroad:
reflections on language learning, contact,
and culture. International Journal of
Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1-
Doi:10.1080/13670050.2018.1447545.
Searle, W., & Ward, C. (1990). The
prediction of psychological and
sociocultural adjustment during crosscultural transitions. International Journal
of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449-464.
Doi: 10.1016/0147-1767(90)90030-Z
Sirin, L. R., Ryce, P., & Sirin, S. R. (2014).
Acculturation, Acculturative stress, and
Cultural mismatch and their influences
on immigrant children and adolescents’
well-being. In R. Dimitrowa, M. Bender, F.
Van de Vijver (Eds.), Global perspectives
on Well-being in immigrants families. 11-
New York: Springer
Snauwaert, B., Soenens, B., Vanbeselaere,
N., & Boen, F. (2003). When integration
does not necessarily imply integration:
Different conceptualizations of
acculturation orientations lead to
different classifications. Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 34(2), 231-239.
Sommerlad, E. A. (1968). The importance
of ethnic identification for assimilation
and integration: A study of Australian
Aborigines’ attitudes. (BA thesis,
University of Sydney). Retrieved from
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/1068
Szapocznik, J., Kurtines, W. M., &
Fernandez, T. (1980). Bicultural
involvement and adjustment in HispanicAmerican youths. International Journal of
Intercultural Relations, 4, 353–365. doi:
1016/0147-1767(80)90010-3
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism &
collectivism. Boulder: Westview Press.
Ward, C. (1996). Acculturation. In D.
Landis, & R. Bhagat (Eds.), Handbook of
intercultural training (pp.124–147).
Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Ward, C. (2001). The A, B, Cs of
acculturation. In D. Masumoto (Ed.), The
handbook of culture and psychology (pp.
–445). New York, NY: Oxford
University Press.
Ward, C. (2009). Acculturation and social
cohesion: Emerging issues for Asian
immigrants in New Zealand. In C. H.
Leong, & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Intercultural
relations in Asia: Migration and work
effectiveness (pp. 3–24). Singapore:
World Scientific.
Ward, C., Adam, Z., & Stuart, J. (2011).
Psychological and sociocultural
adaptation of Asian Muslim youth.
Presented at the 4th International Asian
health and well-being conference.
Retrieved from
https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/__data/assets/
pdf_file/0010/1741591/Psychological_s
ocialcultural_adaptation_of_Asian_Muslimyouth.pdf
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A.
(2001). The psychology of culture shock.
Hove: Routledge.
Ward, C., Chang, W. C., & Lopez-Nerney, S.
(1999). Psychological and socio- cultural
adjustment of Filipina domestic workers
in Singapore. In J. C. Lasry, J. G. Adair, & K.
L. Dion (Eds.), Latest contributions to
cross-cultural psychology (pp. 118-134).
Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1993).
Psychological and sociocultural
adjustment during cross-cultural
transitions: a comparison of secondary
students at home and abroad.
International Journal of Psychology, 28,
-147. doi:
1080/00207599308247181
Ward, C., & Leong, C. H. (2006).
Intercultural relations in plural societies.
In D. L. Sam, & J. W. Berry (Eds.), The
Cambridge handbook of acculturation
psychology (pp. 484–503). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Ward, C., & Lin, E. Y. (2005). Immigration
acculturation and national identity in
New Zealand. In J. Liu, T. McCreanor, T.
McIntosh, & T. Teaiwa (Eds.), New
Zealand identities: Departures and
destinations (pp. 155–173). Wellington:
Victoria University Press.
Ward, C., & Rana-Deuba, A. (1999).
Acculturation and adaptation revisited.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30,
-442. doi:
1177/0022022199030004003
Ward, C., & Searle,W. (1991). The impact
of value discrepancies and cultural
identity on psychological and sociocultural adjustment of sojourners.
International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, 15, 209–225. doi:
1016/0147-1767(91)90030-K
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
With the receipt of the article by Editorial Board of the Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal) and it was decided to be published, then the copyright regarding the article will be diverted to Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal).
Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal) hold the copyright regarding all the published articles and has the right to multiply and distribute the article under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.Â
Copyright tranfer from the author to the journal is done through filling out the copyright transfer form by author. The form can be downloaded HERE.Â
Licensing Terms

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.