Preliminary Design of Kit Kinematics Learning Tools assisted by Phyphox Mobile Apps

Integration of learning tools with information technology can enrich the learning experience, including in learning physics. This research is the development of kinematics learning tools assisted by Phypox to support the improvement of scientific thinking skills. The scope of kinematics material is horizontal straight motion, vertical straight motion, and circular motion. In this study, the initial design process and design evaluation were carried out. Evaluation of the initial design was carried out by five experts and data were collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis used Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). The analyzed aspects include six indicators, namely: the functional relationship between components, component completeness, work order, practicality, efficiency, and effectiveness. The results of this study indicate that the initial design of the kinematics learning device is in a good category (CVR = 5.60; CVI = 0.93). Thus, this learning tool can be further tested on relevant students. The impact of the use of this tool will not only increase science skills, with certain learning strategies it can also grow the skills of working together and critical thinking.


INTRODUCTION
Learning media is one of the most important tools in the physics learning process (Hochberg, Kuhn, & Müller, 2018;Mariyo & Islami, 2019;Widodo & Islami, 2019). The increasingly massive development of technological developments should be utilized by educators to design effective, innovative, and efficient learning media so that learning objectives can be achieved (Firdaus, Setiawan, & Hamidah, 2017;Mustafa, Hermandra, & Zulhafizh, 2019;Yusrizal, Hajar, & Tanjung, 2019). Of the several technologies that can be utilized in learning, smartphone devices are the most potential to be used in secondary schools (Pierratos & Polatoglou, 2020).
Utilization of smartphone devices in learning activities is because this device has several excellent features, including being able to detect and generate data from sensors inside the smartphone, easy to use, provides many free applications, and enables a real-time data acquisition system which in its application has proven to be very helpful in the process. physics learning (Nuryantini, Sawitri, & Nuryadin, 2018;Temiz & Yavuz, 2015).
In practice, the use of smartphone devices when learning cannot stand alone but requires other supporting devices. One of the supporting applications that are often used and have proven to be reliable is the phyphox app (Staacks, Hütz, Heinke, & Stampfer, 2018). In addition, another device that needs to be considered is the experimental device, because the data generated by this phyphox app cannot be separated from the real experimental device used.
Several previous research results have also confirmed that the combination between devices greatly determines the quality of the kinematics experimental data obtained (Fayanto, Ishafit, & Sahlan, 2019;Kittiravechote & Sujarittham, 2020;Pierratos & Polatoglou, 2020). However, some of these studies have made experimental tools that are still limited to sub-experiments and have not been integrated into a single kinematics learning tool kit, so that when used in experimental activities in schools they are less efficient. Thus, it is necessary to develop a specially designed kinematics tool integrated with the phyphox app.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research includes adapted development research (Dieter & Schmidt, 2009) which aims to produce an initial design of a Phyphox-assisted kinematics learning tool. The stages carried out include 3 phases, namely conceptual design, conceptual prototyping (design embodiment), product prototyping, and design evaluation (design details) as shown in Figure 1.

The data analysis technique uses the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content
Validity Index (CVI). The results of this calculation become the basis for categorization, where the product is considered feasible if the CVI is more than 0 (Lawshe, 1975).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Conceptual design
The results of the studies that have been carried out show that 21st-century learning requires a digital laboratory to support the physics learning process on kinematics material (Hinnant et al., 2012;Van De Heyde & Siebrits, 2020). As a solution to these problems, it is necessary to develop the design of kinematics experimental tools for horizontal straight motion, vertical straight motion, and circular motion (kinematics kit). In addition, in designing a kinematics kit, several indicators need to be considered, including simple design, easy to use, thorough, economical, safe to use, good quality, easy maintenance, and integrated with technology.

Design embodiment a. Determination of components and their functions
The form of actualization carried out in the manufacture of the kinematics kit which is designed based on the indicators in phase I begins with determining the required components. These components can be seen in Table 2. b. Skematic diagramming 1) Horizontal straight motion schematic diagram Table 3. Schematic diagram of horizontal straight motion Flow chart Activity Preparatory steps 1) open phypox app with smartphone, 2) select stopwatch proxymity, 3) connect phypox with Personal Computer (PC) via remote access, 4) put the smartphone on the holder, 5) set the distance between objects, 6) 6connect the holder to the dc motor on the black box using a thread Data retrieval steps 1) click play phypox button via PC, 2) move the switch on the black box to the GLB to turn on the dc motor which aims to pull the smartphone, 3) the smartphone runs the stopwatch automatically and in realtime it will record the time. 4) after the smartphone passes the 5th object, turn off the dc motor.
Download data on phypox via pc with microsoft excel format.

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2) Vertical straight motion schematic diagram Table 4. Schematic diagram of vertical straight motion

Flow chart Activity
Preparatory steps 1) open phypox app with smartphone, 2) select stopwatch proxymity, 3) connect phypox with Personal Computer (PC) via remote access, 4) put the smartphone on the holder, 5) set the distance between objects, 6) position the track at an angle of 30o and hold the smartphone. Data retrieval steps 1) click play phypox button via PC, 2) remove the smartphone with the aim of moving it under the influence of gravity. 3) the smartphone runs the stopwatch automatically and in realtime it will record the time.
Download data on phypox via pc with microsoft excel format.
3) Free fall motion schematic diagram Table 5. Free fall motion schematic diagram Flowchart Activity Preparatory steps 1) connect the black box with the magnetic holder, 2) open the phypox application with a smartphone, 3) select acoustic stopwatch, 4) connect phypox with Personal Computer (PC) via remote access 5) place the smartphone next to the black box, 6) 6 tie 5 pieces of iron to the thread with a distance between the irons of 10 cm.
Data retrieval steps 1) click play phypox button via PC, 2) show the switch on the black box to GJB, 3) stick one end of the iron on the magnet holder 4) press the Start button on the black box (the buzzer will sound, the magnetism in the holder is lost, the iron falls) 5) Automatic stopwatch running and realtime sera will record time data.
Download data on phypox via pc with microsoft excel format.  Table 6. Schematic diagram of uniform circular motion Flowchart Activity

Preparation steps
1) open phyphox app with smartphone, 2) select Centripetal acceleration, 3) connect phypox with Personal Computer (PC) via remote access, 4) Place the smartphone on a round disc.

Data retrieval steps
1) open the phyphox application with a smartphone, 2) select centripetal acceleration, 3) connect phypox with a personal computer (PC) via remote access, 4) place the smartphone on a round disc.
Download data on phyphox via pc with microsoft excel format.

Phase III Design Details a. Kinematics kit design creation
In this phase, the activity carried out is making a kinematics kit design, the main activity is divided into 2, namely making a black box scheme design using the Proteus application and designing a detailed 3D kinematics kit display using Tinkercad. The results of the black box scheme design are shown in Figure 6.7 and the kinematics kit of horizontal straight motion, vertical straight motion, and circular motion can be seen in Table 7 as follows:

b. Product design assessment
The last stage of the development of the kinematics kit design is an evaluation of the assessment by 5 experts which aims to determine the quality of the design that has been made. At this stage, the evaluation of media design is carried out using a questionnaire instrument with 6 indicators adapted from (Sugiono, 2019). The data obtained were then analyzed quantitatively using CVR and CVI. The results of the CVR and CVI analysis shown in table 8 obtained a CVI score of 0.93 meaning that the media design developed was valid and had good quality.

Valid
The assessment results obtained indicate that the developed media has an attractive appearance, is simple, easy to use, and is time-efficient, so the media deserves a good assessment (Istiantara et al., 2019;Karo-Karo & Rohani, 2018;Pierratos & Polatoglou, 2020;Widiantama & Pramono, 2019). This media is also used in collaboration with the phyphox apps which have been proven reliable and have data accuracy, and can be presented in realtime (Ishafit & Wahyuni, 2019;Pierratos & Polatoglou, 2020;Pusch, Ubben, Laumann, Heinicke, & Heusler, 2021;Suyanto & Herlina, 2020). The voltage source used in this medium is a DC 5v current that can be recharged, so it is environmentally friendly and will increase the safety factor when used.
Other results obtained from the evaluation stage are several suggestions were given by experts, including 1) Installation of the buzzer should be placed on the black box, 2) the voltage component of the voltage is lowered to 5 volts so that it can work with a battery voltage source, 3) installation of a length measuring instrument on the mainframe.

CONCLUSION
This research resulted in the initial design of the kinematics kit and its working system. The evaluation results from the kinematics kit design expert are of very good quality. Based on these results, the design of the kinematics kit can be continued to the next stage, namely the trial process in schools.